Caring for California's aging prisoners

Caring for California's aging prisoners

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California prison inmate Richard Arriola (below) does not remember the digestion problems that drove him to the doctor on a recent morning, or details of the conviction for child molestation that sent him to prison at age 88.

. Stockton, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson
Arriola undergoes medical tests.

Arriola is one of about 18,400 inmates over the age of 55 in California prisons, according to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

It is a swelling population that has led authorities to take the first steps toward creating a dementia unit at the state's main prison medical facility in the San Joaquin Valley city of Stockton, Reuters has learned.

. Stockton, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson
An inmate sits in a cellblock which mainly houses prisoners with cognitive decline, Alzheimer's, and dementia, at the California Health Care Facility.

"We have identified a specific need for a specialized unit for our dementia population and are in the very early phases of concept development," said Elizabeth Gransee, spokeswoman for California Correctional Health Care Services.

The wing would mark a shift from California's earlier efforts to treat prisoners with cognitive decline, relying on inmate volunteers and a modest staff to help them rather than a more expensive medical unit.

. Stockton, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson
Louis Henson, 74, has his dentures fixed at the California Health Care Facility.

Reuters visited two California prisons recently to look at the challenges states face, as improved medical care, long sentences from tougher crime laws, and a steady increase of older adults entering prison has contributed to an extraordinary rise of elderly inmates.

In California, seven percent of the state's 130,000 prisoners were over the age of 60 in 2016, the most recent year for which data is available, compared to just 1 percent 20 years earlier, according to a report by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

"We and all of the jails and prisons around the country need to be able to do a better job with individuals who have cognitive impairment," said Dr. Joseph Bick, chief medical executive at the California Medical Facility in Vacaville.

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Slideshow:

California Medical Facility prison in Vacaville.

The California Medical Facility prison.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

The California Medical Facility prison.

An inmate in a wheelchair passes a guard.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

An inmate in a wheelchair passes a guard.

An inmate sits in a wheelchair.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

An inmate sits in a wheelchair.

Inmates help each other walk down a corridor.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

Inmates help each other walk down a corridor.

Inmate Derrick Brooks, 65, who has cancer, looks in the mirror as he shaves in the hospice at the California Medical Facility prison.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

Inmate Derrick Brooks, 65, who has cancer, looks in the mirror as he shaves in the hospice at the California Medical Facility prison.

Pastoral Care Services Worker and inmate Kao Saephanh helps inmate Eddie Van Houton, 71, who has cancer, stand up after giving him a haircut in the hospice.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

Pastoral Care Services Worker and inmate Kao Saephanh helps inmate Eddie Van Houton, 71, who has cancer, stand up after giving him a haircut in the hospice.

A poster targeting suicidal inmates is seen at the California Medical Facility prison.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

A poster targeting suicidal inmates is seen at the California Medical Facility prison.

Andrew Rachal, 58, punches a speed bag in the gym.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

Andrew Rachal, 58, punches a speed bag in the gym.

Inmate Quentin Murphy, 50, shoots hoops.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

Inmate Quentin Murphy, 50, shoots hoops.

Kao Saephanh helps inmate Joseph Morrow, 69, who has bladder cancer, make a phone call in the hospice.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

Kao Saephanh helps inmate Joseph Morrow, 69, who has bladder cancer, make a phone call in the hospice.

Inmate Eddie Galloway, 80, who has cancer, talks to a pastoral care services worker.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

Inmate Eddie Galloway, 80, who has cancer, talks to a pastoral care services worker.

Inmate Eddie Van Houton, 71, who has cancer, sleeps in the hospice.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

Inmate Eddie Van Houton, 71, who has cancer, sleeps in the hospice.

Inmate Joseph Morrow, 69, who has bladder cancer, lies in bed.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

Inmate Joseph Morrow, 69, who has bladder cancer, lies in bed.

A prisoner walks with the aid of a stick.
. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson

A prisoner walks with the aid of a stick.

Throughout the United States, states are grappling with similar challenges as prisoners age. Inmate medical costs amount to about $3 billion per year nationwide, according to a recent report by the state of Georgia, where medical care for inmates over the age of 65 costs $8,500 per year, compared to $950 for those who are younger, the report showed.

Nationwide, 44 percent of inmates over the age of 50 have disabilities, compared to 27 percent of prisoners overall, a 2015 report by the Department of Justice shows. About 20 percent have cognitive disabilities, the report showed.

. Stockton, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson
Arriola's hands are seen as he undergoes medical tests.

Prisoners with cognitive decline can require round-the-clock care and help with dressing themselves, brushing teeth and going to the restroom. Because prison life - and for many, life on the streets before prison - is so difficult, inmates are considered geriatric after the age of 55 in California and many other states.

Arriola, who is housed with about 2,600 prisoners with chronic conditions at the California Health Care Facility in Stockton, came on a Thursday morning in May for a follow-up visit with a gastroenterologist. But he talked distractedly to the doctor, and said he did not recall having stomach problems.

It is not an uncommon situation at the Stockton facility, where physicians and nurses are trained to work with an increasing number of patients experiencing cognitive decline, said Dr. Anise Adams, the chief medical officer.

About 500 prisoners are being treated for dementia or Parkinson's Disease in California prisons, including 200 at Stockton, officials said.

. Stockton, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson
Scottie Glenn (right), 47, and Eleazar Ibarrola, 43, Gold Coat inmate workers who help other prisoners with health problems, chat at the California Health Care Facility.

"It's hard for them to explain to the nurses what they want or how they feel," said inmate Scottie Glenn, 47, who participates in a program in which able-bodied inmates help those who are ill.

On a recent May morning, Glenn, who is serving 25 years to life for murder, was assisting a wheelchair-bound inmate who needed to see a doctor. Sometimes, he writes letters for inmates, or helps them to communicate.

. Stockton, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson
An inmate does physical therapy at the California Health Care Facility.

Older inmates' needs have led the state to build a large dialysis center, stock hundreds of wheelchairs and offer assistance with hearing and declining vision. Stockton's medical facility has a physical therapy center, and a palliative care unit is set to open in the next few weeks.

. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson
Pastoral Care Services Worker and inmate Kao Saephanh (left) helps inmate Joseph Morrow, 69, who has bladder cancer, take a shower in the hospice at the California Medical Facility prison. Saephanh, who is in prison for killing a man at a Halloween party in 2006 when he was 17, assists the medical staff with patient care such as changing diapers, showering or changing their sheets. He is also the hospice barber. "I knew that once I got here (to the hospice) I was going to be able to give back a little bit," Saephanh said. "The hardest part is seeing people that you care for pass away and then sometimes they pass away without their family here. So, we are the only means of support for them at the time."

The California Medical Facility in Vacaville set up a hospice decades ago during the AIDS crisis, which now houses more inmates dying of old age diseases, officials said. The state expects to spend about $26,000 per inmate on health care next year.

Once a dementia unit is set up, California would follow New York, which opened one for its much smaller prison population in 2006. New York spends about $2.7 million annually to care for 29 patients in the unit, the state corrections department said.

. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson
Inmate Joseph Morrow, 69, who has bladder cancer, looks at a fish tank in the hospice at the California Medical Facility prison in Vacaville.

California officials say it is too soon to know how much the unit they hope to create will cost, but it would not be difficult to re-purpose an existing ward for use by dementia patients.

Such patients wake up in the middle of the night not knowing where they are, requiring trained staff to comfort them. Others behave in ways that normally get an inmate in trouble, such as batting away a doctor's hand during an injection.

. Vacaville, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson
"I'm going to beat this thing - get out. I'm going to beat this cancer," said inmate Michael Patrick Rodriguez, 62, who has skin cancer. "They're helpful (the pastoral care service inmates). They're doing everything we want that we couldn't do before... One guy that comes in here is reading a Harry Potter book for me."

In a normal prison ward, that is considered assault, said Captain Paul Vasquez, whose job includes reviewing behavioural issues at the Stockton facility.

Inmates can be handcuffed, lose privileges and even be sent to the Security Housing Unit, where prisoners are kept in near-isolation, he said.

"We need to learn to respond to them a different way - and not in a regular mainline type of prison," Vasquez said.

. Stockton, United States. Reuters/Lucy Nicholson
An inmate sits in the yard of a cellblock which mainly houses prisoners with cognitive decline, Alzheimer's, and dementia, at the California Health Care Facility.