America's deadly epidemic: violence against women

The murders illustrate a persistent American crisis. In 2019, nine out of 10 murdered women were killed by men they knew, according to the Violence Policy Center (VPC), a national think tank. In nearly two-thirds of those cases the women were wives or other intimate partners of the men.

Often, such killings follow years of abuse, which six experts interviewed by Reuters said raises questions about how police, courts and society at large support women.

In such crimes, attacker and target know one another intimately and may have children and a home together and intertwined finances, making the challenge complex.

"It's cultural. It's religious. It's psychological. It is many layers," said Detective Riasharo Garcenila, who helps coordinate the Los Angeles Police Department's domestic violence response. "It's so difficult to have one answer for a crime that's multi-layered."

The statistics are particularly grim in communities of color. In Minnesota, 9% of all girls and women murdered from 2010 to 2019 were, like Defoe, American Indian, although they make up just 1% of the state's population, according to the Minnesota Task Force on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, created by the state legislature to report to lawmakers on efforts to document, understand and reduce the violence.

In 2019, Black women and girls were murdered at a rate more than twice as high as white women and girls, according to the Washington-based VPC, which bases its figures on FBI data.

NEW FEDERAL MOVES

U.S. President Joe Biden earlier this year signed a spending bill that included increased funds for housing, legal and other support for domestic violence victims. In June he signed gun reform legislation that seeks to do more to keep guns out of the hands of people convicted of domestic violence.

Three decades have passed since Nicole Sharpe's father shot and killed her mother in their Brooklyn apartment. Sharpe's father, who died in 2012, was convicted in 1993 of manslaughter and served 16 years.

"I don't think in the minds of people that domestic violence has really changed too much" since her mother's death, said Sharpe, 46. "People still are bent on blaming the victim."

Melanie Fields of the national Association of Prosecuting Attorneys Domestic Violence Committee, who is based in East Baton Rouge, Louisiana, said she has found some attitudes have shifted in the 13 years since she helped launch her domestic violence unit.

"When I started this, it was that they (women) weren't believed or they were dismissed by law enforcement and even the community," Fields said. "Overall in our country that has significantly improved."

She said officers in her jurisdiction, for example, have learned that medical evidence shows repeated beatings and choking can make victims sound incoherent.

One persistent challenge facing researchers is determining the problem's scope. Data sets such as the FBI's Supplementary Homicide Reports can be useful, but they leave hard-to-fill gaps when tracking gendered killings, said Associate Professor Alison Marganski, director of criminology at Le Moyne College in Syracuse.

The picture is mixed on fears that recent pandemic lockdowns exacerbated domestic violence. James Alan Fox, a Northeastern University professor of criminology, law and public policy, analyzed FBI data and found homicides in family settings rose 26% in 2020 over the previous year.

But a January paper published by the nonpartisan National Bureau of Economic Research that studied records from 17 large urban police departments found no statistically significant difference in intimate partner homicide rates before and during the pandemic.

Detective Marie Sadanaga, a colleague of Garcenila, said LA legal aid groups found that people struggled to apply for restraining orders when COVID closed courts. The LAPD responded by creating a guide for navigating virtual court that was distributed by patrol officers.

"We're always listening to what these different people are saying and what they're seeing," Sadanaga said of prosecutors, nurses, legal service providers and others with whom officers work.

In late 2009, Helen Buchel, 34, and her 12-year-old daughter, Brittany Passalacqua, were stabbed to death in her Geneva, New York home.

Buchel's boyfriend, John Brown, pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and in 2010 was imprisoned for 40 years to life in a plea deal that Buchel's mother Dale Cook Driscoll said her family accepted so her grandson, who found the bodies, would not have to testify.

Reuters was unable to locate an attorney for Brown, who remains in prison.