Rural wages are rising across Asia but Pakistan remains one of the few exceptions. Power shortages plague the factories. Agricultural productivity is stagnant. Landlords are hugely powerful.
Last year, a group of around 40 women struggling to feed and clothe their families on their meagre wages did something almost unheard for poor women working in rural Pakistan - they went on strike. The gamble paid off.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Azeema Khatoon, a mother of five pictured above, has spent most of her life labouring in Pakistan's sunbaked cotton fields for less than $2 a day.
But the 35-year-old says she has nearly doubled her wage in the past year, now taking home $3.50 a day, with her success just one story cited by labour activists to encourage rural women to band together and form a united workforce.
"Before our collective bargain we made no profit from our work," said Khatoon, picking rows of fluffy, white cotton. "We all collectively decided to refuse to work for low wages," she added, proudly.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Illiterate women like Khatoon make up the bulk of the estimated half a million cotton pickers in Pakistan, the world's fourth largest cotton producer, after China, India and the United States, but their working conditions are often poor.
Pakistan is one of the few Asian countries where agricultural wages have gone down, not up, in the past 10 years, according to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), Britain's leading international development and humanitarian think tank.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Agricultural wages in the country have a massive impact on women, and in turn on their families. About 74 percent of working women aged 15 and over are employed in agriculture, according to the International Labour Organisation.
Heat stroke, snake bites, exposure to pesticides and cuts on their hands from handling the rough cotton bolls are other hazards of their daily toil.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Khatoon and others have started bringing their school-age children to check the books, or tie knots in the edge of their colourful saris to count how many days they have worked.
“Even though they can't read the numbers of letters, they can say I have worked one day for each knot," said Javed Hussain, the head of the Sindh Community Foundation, which aims to improve the socio-economic conditions of communities and has trained 2,600 women in skills like bargaining and labour rights.
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Slideshow
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
A boy who picks cotton smiles while being photographed along a street.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Women unload cotton blooms plucked from plants to make a bundle.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
A man takes notes as cotton is weighed.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Women carry bundles of cotton.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
A man sprays pesticides on a cotton field.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
A boy carries a bundle of dry cotton plants to use as fuel.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Tangoo, a cotton picker, feeds her family buffaloes outside her home.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Tulsi, a cotton picker, eats boiled rice while sitting in her home.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
A pot of milk is covered with a bowl and stored in a hole in wall.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
A cotton picker wears pendants, one reads Allah and the other depicts the Hindu deity Hanuman.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Tulsi stands in the doorway of her room.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Utensils sit on a mud shelf adorned with posters of Bollywood film stars.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Seeta rocks her baby in a hammock in her room.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Women cotton pickers sit and listen during a leadership and advocacy skills workshop organised by the Sindh Community Foundation.
. MEERAN PUR, Pakistan. REUTERS/Akhtar Soomro
Beena Hussain, a trainer, gestures while speaking to women cotton pickers during the workshop.