Romania's healthcare exodus

"I don't think any of my colleagues are planning to stay," she said. "I think I could learn more abroad. You have higher responsibilities as a resident there."

In the Romanian system, doctors go through six years of medical school and then three to five years as a hospital resident, treating patients while working under the supervision of senior staff.

Finding a job abroad will be easy. Cluj, one of Romania's largest cities and a university and business hub, hosts several agencies recruiting for western European hospitals.

Romania has bled out tens of thousands of doctors, nurses, dentists and pharmacists since joining the European Union a decade ago, lured abroad by what the country lacks: significantly higher pay, modern infrastructure and functional healthcare systems. France, Germany and Britain are among the most popular destinations.

The consequences are dire. Romania is one of the EU states with the fewest doctors. Nearly a third of hospital positions are vacant and the health ministry estimates one in four Romanians has insufficient access to essential healthcare.

"Medical staff leaving Romania at an almost massive pace deepens the problems of the healthcare system," former health minister Vlad Voiculescu has said. "Entire hospitals are facing a major personnel deficit and entire towns don't have a family physician."

This despite the fact that Romania is a leading EU state when it comes to the number of medical graduates. But the system - ridden with corruption, inefficiencies and politicised management - has been unable to motivate them to stay.

The shortages are even starker in rural areas.

"Because we have one doctor per section for most specialties, when a doctor goes on holiday we need to close down the section," said Cristian Vlad, the hospital manager in Viseul de Sus, a small town near the Ukrainian border.

Vlad said three hospitals in the region shared one anaesthetist until last year, when his hospital brought in another from neighbouring Moldova.

"I live in hope that our resident doctors will change their mind and stay in smaller hospitals, too," Vlad said.

Romania is taking steps to address the issues. Pay has risen significantly, although it still does not measure up to western standards. The net average monthly wage for the healthcare system stood at 2,609 lei ($606) at the end of 2016, nearly double what it was three years ago.

In 2016, the health ministry created a multi-year plan for the medical profession, including a simpler recruitment process, education reform, better promotion opportunities, and subsidies for physicians willing to move to remote villages.

The strategy has yet to be approved by the two-month-old cabinet of Social Democrat Prime Minister Sorin Grindeanu.

"Measures to improve healthcare are in place, but the system suffers from inefficiencies, limited accessibility and corruption," the European Commission said last month.