In hottest city on Earth, mothers bear brunt of climate change

In hottest city on Earth, mothers bear brunt of climate change

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Heavily pregnant Sonari (pictured below) toils under the burning sun in fields dotted with bright yellow melons in Jacobabad, which last month became the hottest city on Earth.

Her 17-year-old neighbour Waderi, who gave birth a few weeks ago, is back working in temperatures that can exceed 50 Celsius (122 Fahrenheit), with her newborn lying on a blanket in the shade nearby so she can feed him when he cries.

"When the heat is coming and we're pregnant, we feel stressed," said Sonari, who is in her mid-20s.

. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro
Sonari collects muskmelons at a farm on the outskirts of Jacobabad.

These women in southern Pakistan and millions like them around the world are at the searing edge of climate change.

Pregnant women exposed to heat for prolonged periods of time have a higher risk of suffering complications, an analysis of 70 studies conducted since the mid-1990s on the issue found.

For every 1 degree Celsius in temperature rise, the number of stillbirths and premature deliveries increases by about 5%, according to the meta-analysis, which was carried out by several research institutions globally and published in the British Medical Journal in September 2020.

. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro
Rabia fans her son, Manish Kumar, 10, as he lies in bed after having a bladder stone removed.

Cecilia Sorensen, director of the Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education at Columbia University, said the unfolding impact of global warming on the health of women was "highly underdocumented", partly because extreme heat tended to exacerbate other conditions.

"We're not associating health impacts on women and often times it's because we're not collecting data on it," she said. "And often women in poverty are not seeking medical care."

"Heat is a super big deal for pregnant women."

. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro
Women and children wash themselves after work at a muskmelon farm.

Women are especially vulnerable to rising temperatures in poor countries on the frontlines of climate change because many have little choice but to work through their pregnancies and soon after giving birth, according to interviews with more than a dozen female residents in the Jacobabad area as well as half a dozen development and human rights experts.

Further adding to the risks, women in socially conservative Pakistan - and many other places - typically cook the family meals over hot stoves or open fires, often in cramped rooms with no ventilation or cooling.

"If you're inside cooking next to a hot open fire you have that burden of that heat in addition to the ambient heat which makes things that much more dangerous," Sorensen added.

. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro
A woman drinks a plum and tamarind drink to cool off.

EXTREME HUMID HEAT EVENTS

South Asia has suffered unseasonably hot temperatures in recent months. An extreme heatwave that scorched Pakistan and India in April was 30 times more likely to happen due to climate change, according to scientists at World Weather Attribution, an international research collaboration. Global temperatures have risen by about 1.2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

As temperatures continue rising, extreme heatwaves are only expected to increase.

Jacobabad's roughly 200,000 residents are well aware of their reputation as one of the world's hottest cities.

"If we go to hell, we'll take a blanket," is a common joke told in the area.

. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro
A father and his son fill water canisters from a private pump to sell door-to-door.

Few places are more punishing. Last month, temperatures hit 51 Celsius (124 Fahrenheit) on May 14, which local meteorological officials was highly unusual for that time of year. Tropical rains can also conspire with warm winds from the Arabian Sea to drive up humidity later in the year.

The more humid it is, the harder it is for people to cool down via sweating. Such conditions are measured by "wet bulb temperatures," taken by a thermometer wrapped in a wet cloth. Wet bulb temperatures of 35C or higher are considered the limit to human survival.

Jacobabad has crossed that threshold at least twice since 2010, according to regional weather data. And, globally, such "extreme humid heat events" have more than doubled in frequency in the last four decades, according to a May 2020 study in the journal Science.

. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro
Liza Khan, 22, project manager at the Community Development Foundation, walks to her office.

Sonari, who is in her 20s, and Waderi work alongside about a dozen other women, several of them pregnant, in the melon fields about 10 km from Jacobabad's centre.

They begin work each day at 6 a.m. with a short afternoon break for housework and cooking before returning to the field to work until sundown. They describe leg pains, fainting episodes and discomfort while breastfeeding.

"It feels like no one sees them, no one cares about them," aid worker Liza Khan said more broadly about the plight facing many women in Jacobabad and the wider Sindh region which straddles the border of Pakistan and India.

Khan's phone rings constantly as she drives to one of three heatstroke response centres she has helped set up in recent weeks as part of her work with a non-profit group called the Community Development Foundation.

With a finance degree, Khan has lived in cooler cities across Pakistan but returned to her hometown because she wanted to be a voice for women in the conservative area.

"Nowadays I'm working 24/7," said the 22-year-old, adding that her organization was finding the impact of extreme heat increasingly intertwining with other social and health issues affecting women.

. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro
Gulam Mohammad, 37, a vegetable seller, sprays water from his mouth to cool off his chicken.

THE FRONTLINES OF SUFFERING

The harsh conditions facing many women were brought into tragic focus on May 14, the day temperatures in Jacobabad hit 51 C, making it the world's hottest city at that time.

Nazia, a young mother of five, was preparing lunch for her visiting cousins. But with no air conditioning or fan in her kitchen, she collapsed and was taken to a nearby hospital, where she was pronounced dead from a suspected heat stroke

District health officials did not answer requests for comment about Jacobabad's record of heat-related deaths in recent years, or more specifically about Nazia's case.

Her body was taken the following day to her ancestral village to be buried and her children, the youngest a one-year old who was still breastfeeding, regularly cry for their mother, a relative said.

. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro
Zahida, 16, washes clothes outside her family home.

Widespread poverty and frequent power cuts mean many people can't afford or use air conditioning or at times even a fan to cool down.

Potential strategies recommended by experts include providing clean-energy stoves to replace open-fire cooking, offering women's medical and social services during early morning or evening hours when it is cooler and replacing tin roofs with cooler material in white to reflect solar radiation away from the home.

. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro
Rehmat, 30, helps Razia, 25, bathe her six-month-old daughter Tamanna.

NO WATER, NO POWER, WE PRAY

In a residential neighbourhood of the city, a donkey-drawn cart stacked with blue plastic jerrycans stops near the entrance to warren-like lanes leading to a cluster of homes. The cart's driver runs back and forth delivering 20-litre containers of water from one of a few dozen private pumps around the city.

Most residents of Jacobabad rely on such water deliveries, which can cost between a fifth and an eighth of a household's meagre income. Still, it's often not enough, and some families are forced to ration.

For young mother Razia, the sound of her six-month-old Tamanna crying in the afternoon heat was enough to persuade her to pour some of her precious water over the baby. She then sat Tamanna in front of a fan, and the child was visibly calmer, playing with her mother's scarf.

. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro
One-month-old Vamar Kumar, sleeps at home under a mosquito net.

Local officials said water shortages were partly due to electricity cuts, which mean water cannot be filtered and sent via pipes throughout the city. There are also severe water shortages across Sindh, with climate change minister Rehman flagging shortfalls of up to 60% of what is needed in the province's key dams and canals.

Rubina, Razia's neighbour, fried onions and okra over an open fire, explaining she usually felt dizzy in the heat and tried to soak herself in water each time she cooked to prevent herself from fainting.

There was not always enough water to do so, though.

"Most of the time, it ends before it's time to buy more and we must wait," Rubina said as she closely supervised her children and grandchildren sharing a cup of water. "On the hot days with no water, no electricity we wake up and the only thing we do is pray to God."

(Photo Editing Gabrielle Fonseca Johnson; Text Editing Mike Collett-White, Katy Daigle and Pravin Char; Layout Kezia Levitas)

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Slideshow

People in a rickshaw carry a solar panel.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

People in a rickshaw carry a solar panel.

Waderi, 17, fans her one-month-old son Amar Kumar.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

Waderi, 17, fans her one-month-old son Amar Kumar.

Kaloo, 60, repairs a fan with a spoon while at work in a cafe.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

Kaloo, 60, repairs a fan with a spoon while at work in a cafe.

One boy bathes while another draws water from a hand pump.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

One boy bathes while another draws water from a hand pump.

A grandmother visits her grandson while he sleeps at the Jacobabad Institute of Medical Sciences.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

A grandmother visits her grandson while he sleeps at the Jacobabad Institute of Medical Sciences.

Biban, a pregnant farmer, clears unwanted grass at a muskmelon farm.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

Biban, a pregnant farmer, clears unwanted grass at a muskmelon farm.

A man poses for a photo as he eats gola ganda, a shaved ice dessert.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

A man poses for a photo as he eats gola ganda, a shaved ice dessert.

Rubina, 35, prepares food for her family.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

Rubina, 35, prepares food for her family.

Senior observer, Iftikhar Ahmed, points on the metrological observation pocket register to 51 degrees Celsius, recorded on May 14, 2022.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

Senior observer, Iftikhar Ahmed, points on the metrological observation pocket register to 51 degrees Celsius, recorded on May 14, 2022.

A man loads water bottles onto his donkey cart to supply a nearby market.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

A man loads water bottles onto his donkey cart to supply a nearby market.

Local residents eat their lunch of curry and flatbread.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

Local residents eat their lunch of curry and flatbread.

A man holds his heat-stressed chicken while another man administers an injection.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

A man holds his heat-stressed chicken while another man administers an injection.

Mohammad Iqbal, 42, a pump operator, speaks on his mobile phone while checking the water levels of one of the chambers at a reverse osmosis plant.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

Mohammad Iqbal, 42, a pump operator, speaks on his mobile phone while checking the water levels of one of the chambers at a reverse osmosis plant.

Siraj, 8, carries bags of ice purchased for his family from a nearby stall.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

Siraj, 8, carries bags of ice purchased for his family from a nearby stall.

Parya, 42, a labourer, works in the sun at a brick kiln factory.
. Jacobabad, Pakistan. Reuters/Akhtar Soomro

Parya, 42, a labourer, works in the sun at a brick kiln factory.