After trying cosmetic creams and surgery, Wang Jing placed her hopes in the skilled hands of a tattoo artist to make the scar on her belly finally disappear.
. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
"Whenever you try to reach for something your belly is exposed. It's not nice looking," Wang, 46, said of the scar from the caesarean birth of her daughter two decades ago that would soon be covered by a kitten tattoo.
China has one of the highest C-section rates in the world, reaching a peak between 2004 and 2008 when nearly half of the country's babies were born using the procedure, the World Health Organization said in 2010.
. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
This has created a niche market for creams, makeup and plastic surgery to hide the four to six inch scars left by the procedure.
Some women spend up to 300 yuan ($43.44) for a 30 ml tube of silicone gel that promises to make their scars go away. Others opt for laser surgery costing 2,000 yuan for each centimetre of scar treated.
. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
Tattoo artist Shi Hailei said he offers an alternative to mothers unhappy with the results from gels and tummy tucks.
"A tattoo makes a woman more confident. She will no longer feel ashamed to show her abdomen," said Shi, the 32-year-old owner of Samurai Tattoo in Shanghai.
. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
Shi said he was inspired by Brazilian tattoo artist Flavia Carvalho, who offers tattoos to women physically scarred by domestic violence. He thought tattoos could help improve the self-esteem of Chinese mothers unhappy with their scars.
Shi performed his first free C-section tattoo in 2015. His shop now helps up to six women per month and sometimes there is a waiting list due to high demand.
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. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
Wang Ruoyu, 37, mother of a 16-year-old son and a yoga coach, had a C-section because her baby weighed 4.25 kilograms at birth. She began practicing yoga for postpartum recovery and became a yoga coach. "I love all beautiful things that make me look better," she said. "I chose the pattern of a crown with wings to cover the scar. It looks nice."
. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
Wang Jing, 46, who has a 20-year-old daughter, has spent thousands of dollars over the years on treatments to remove her scar from caesarean birth of her daughter. She decided to cover up the scar with a tattoo of "Little Pepper", one of her three pet cats. "I want to be more confident when wearing low-rise pants," she said.
. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
Grace Yuan, 34, mother of a 3-year-old daughter and a dance teacher, said: "Now I feel more confident after getting this tattoo. I can dance freely on the stage without worries or awkwardness."
. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
Kiki, 25, mother of a 5-year-old boy, chose to have a C-section over natural birth because she didn't want to suffer too much. "This is my fifth tattoo. I like flowers and have tattoos of flowers on my shoulders and legs. I enjoy getting tattoos, it's addictive," she said.
. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
Eason Zhou, 28, mother of a 5-year-old child, had a C-section because the baby was past its due date. She has tried a scar-removal product before but it didn't work very well. She saw reports on the artist and wanted to have a try. "In the past people thought tattoos were just for men, but now women are starting to get them too," she said.
. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
Li Ling, 34, mother of a 6-year-old boy, said: "I constantly felt hungry during my last month of pregnancy and I couldn't stop eating. As a result my son grew too big for a natural birth. He weighed 4.18 kilograms when he was born." Ling's tattoo is of a forest under a night sky showing the the Capricornus Constellation. Capricorn is her zodiac sign.
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Health experts cite several reasons for China's widespread use of the procedure.
Caesarean delivery is believed to require less nursing hours than a natural birth, helping China cope with rising in-hospital births as more people move to cities and put pressure on health services.
. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
Grace Yuan's 3-year-old daughter Rebecca thinks the scar is ugly, making Yuan want to cover it up.
The decades old one-child policy also led couples to choose a caesarean delivery to avoid complications that could arise from natural child birth. Finally, women are choosing a caesarean birth if they are worried about a prolonged labour, doctors say.
. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
Covering a belly scar can be a challenge because the skin is softer than other parts of the body. Each scar is unique and requires careful thought about the tattoo design.
“It could be vertical or horizontal. It will affect the composition,” he said.
The women who have sought Shi's help say they are very happy with their new appearance.
. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
Grace Yuan, a dance teacher with a 3-year-old daughter, had been embarrassed about her scar.
"I felt awkward to see my scar when wearing a low-waist dancing dress," said Yuan, who got a rose tattoo in April. "I can dance freely on the stage now without worries or awkwardness."
. Shanghai, China. Reuters/Aly Song
Wang Ruoyu, 37, said her self-esteem received a boost from the winged crown tattoo that covers the scar on her lower abdomen.
"All girls want to be pretty and so do I," she said.