Thai civil servant Supapan Pullbangyung spends just under half of her salary on caring for her 75-year-old father, who suffers from diabetes and dementia.
Hers is one of many Thai families looking after elderly relatives at a cost that countrywide adds up to just under a third of household income. The number of families facing similar problems will balloon as the population ages at a rate among the fastest in Southeast Asia.
Nopawan Pullbangyung, 67, massages her husband Serm Pullbangyung, 75, at her house.
A culture of filial piety in which families feel obliged to care for their elderly means more often than not they absorb the expense of looking after parents and grandparents.
A poor savings culture has left many people ill-prepared to help themselves financially in old age, meaning they must rely on working family members.
Somjit Phuthasiri (right), 90, attends Songkran festival at Wellness Nursing Home Center.
More than a quarter of the 66 million population has not saved for old age, according to a 2014 survey, one of many factors contributing to the government considering raising the age of retirement from 60 and urging businesses to hire more older people.
"It is going to be a burden on the younger generation," said Sutayut Osornprasop, a human development specialist at the World Bank.
Households caring for elderly relatives spend at least 7,620 baht ($217) on them per month, according to the Health Insurance System Research Office, a state agency led by the Ministry of Public Health.
That's more than 28 percent of the average 2015 monthly household income of 26,915 baht.
Uthai Sagulpongmalee, 70, lies in bed at Wellness Nursing Home Center.
Kangsadan Sagulpongmalee, 40, is a lecturer in Petchaburi province who is caring for her 70-year-old diabetic father. He underwent spinal surgery last December and is recovering at Wellness City, a privately run complex for the elderly on 192 hectares of land near the city of Ayudhaya, north of Bangkok.
"The cost has been very high," she said. "My salary earned as a lecturer isn't enough at all. I have to spend my parents' life savings."
Kangsadan plans to move her father to a house near her workplace once he has recovered so she can look after him.